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• Drivers Trilithic Seeker USB Devices

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This topic provides guidelines for choosing the best driver model for developing a USB client driver that acts as the device's function driver.

USB device manufacturers must often provide a way for applications to access the device's features. To choose the best mechanism for accessing a USB device, start with the simplest approach and move to more complex solutions only if it is necessary. The following list summarizes the choices discussed in this topic:

1. If your device belongs to a USB device class for which Windows includes an inbox driver, you don’t need to write a driver.
2. If your device does not have a Microsoft-provided class driver, and the device is accessed by a single application, then load WinUSB as the function driver.
3. If the device needs to be accessed by concurrent applications and your device does not have isochronous endpoints, write a UMDF-based client driver.
4. If class driver, WinUSB, or UMDF solutions are not options that work for you, write a KMDF-based client driver.
5. If a particular feature is not supported by KMDF, write a hybrid driver that calls WDM routines.

The most common approach has been to implement a device driver, (termed as a USB client driver in this documentation set) and provide an installation package that installs the driver as the function driver in the device stack above the Microsoft-provided USB driver stack. The client driver exposes a device interface that applications can use to obtain the device's file handle. Applications can then use this file handle to communicate with the driver by calling Windows APIs.

Writing a driver that is customized to the device's requirements is the most flexible way to provide access to a USB device. However, implementing a driver requires a lot of work. The driver must perform complex tasks, such as driver initialization when new devices are detected, power management, I/O operations, surprise removal, state management, and cleanup when the device is removed. Before you choose to write a driver, ask the following questions:

Can you use a Microsoft-provided driver?

You might not need to write a driver if:

• Your device belongs to a USB device class that is supported by Microsoft.

  In that case, the corresponding class driver is loaded as the device driver. For a list of device classes for which Windows includes an inbox driver, see USB device class drivers included in Windows.

• Your device does not belong to a device class.

  For such devices, evaluate the device features to determine whether you can load the Microsoft-provided WinUSB (Winusb.sys) as the device's function driver. Using WinUSB is the best solution if:

  • Your device is accessed by a single application.
  • Your device supports bulk, interrupt, or isochronous endpoints.
  • Your device is intended to work with a target computer running Windows XP with Service Pack 2 (SP2) and later versions of Windows.

  Loading WinUSB as the function driver provides a simpler alternative to implementing a custom USB driver. For example, WinUSB is the preferred approach for an electronic weather station that is accessed only by an application that is packaged with the device. It is also useful for diagnostic communication with a device and for flashing firmware.

  To make it easy for applications to send requests to Winusb.sys, we provide a user-mode DLL, Winusb.dll, that exposes WinUSB functions. An application can call those functions to access the device, configure it, and transfer data to the device’s endpoints.

  WinUSB is not an option if:

  • Your device is accessed by multiple applications.
  • Your device has functions that already have kernel-mode support in the Windows operating system. For example, for modem functions (which TAPI supports) or LAN functions (which NDIS supports), you must use the interface that the Usbser.sys driver supports to manage modem devices with user-mode software.

  In Windows 8, we've added a new compatible ID to the INF for WinUSB installation. If the device firmware contains that compatible ID, WinUSB is loaded by default as the function driver for the device. This means that hardware manufacturers are not required to distribute INF files for their WinUSB devices. For more information, see WinUSB Device.

If you write a USB client driver, which driver model is best?

The answer depends on the design of your device. First, determine whether a particular driver model meets your requirements. Some design considerations are based on whether you want the USB device to be accessed by multiple concurrent applications and support data streaming through isochronous endpoints.

If you choose to write a driver, here are your options:

• User-Mode Driver Framework (UMDF)

  UMDF provides device driver interfaces (DDIs) that a client driver can use to integrate with Windows components such as the Plug and Play Manager and Power Manager. UMDF also provides specialized target objects for USB devices, which abstract the hardware in user mode and simplify I/O operations for the driver. In addition to the UMDF interfaces, WDF provides enhanced debugger extensions and tracing tools for user-mode drivers. UMDF is based on the component object model (COM) and developing a user-mode driver is easier for a C++ developer.

  Implement a UMDF-based client driver for a USB device in the following cases:

  • The device is accessed by concurrently by multiple applications.
  • The device supports bulk or interrupt transfers.

  Drivers that run in user mode can access only the (virtual) user address space and pose a much lower risk to the system. Kernel-mode drivers can access the system address space and the internal system structures. A badly coded kernel-mode driver might cause problems that affect other drivers or the system, and eventually crash the computer. Therefore, a user-mode driver can be safer than a kernel-mode driver in terms of security and stability.

  Another advantage of user-mode drivers is that they leverage all the Win32 APIs. For example, the drivers can call APIs such as Winsock, Compression, Encryption APIs, and so on. Those APIs are not available to kernel-mode drivers.

  A UMDF-based client driver is not an option for USB devices that support isochronous endpoints.

  Note Windows 8.1 introduces version 2.0 of UMDF. With UMDF version 2.0, you can write a UMDF driver in the C programming language that calls many of the methods that are available to KMDF drivers. You cannot use UMDF version 2.0 to write lower filter drivers for USB.

• Kernel-Mode Driver Framework (KMDF)

  KMDF was designed to make the driver models easy to extend to support new types of hardware. KMDF provides DDIs and data structures that make kernel-mode USB drivers easier to implement than the earlier Windows Driver Model (WDM) drivers. In addition, KMDF provides specialized input/output (I/O) targets that you can use to write a fully functional client driver that uses the Microsoft USB driver stack.

  In certain cases where a particular feature is not exposed through KMDF, the driver must call WDM routines. The driver does not need to implement the entire WDM infrastructure but uses KMDF methods to access a select set of WDM routines. For example, to perform isochronous transfers, a KMDF-based client driver can send WDM-style URBs that describe the request to the USB driver stack. Such drivers are called hybrid drivers in this documentation set.

  KMDF also supports the port-miniport driver model. For instance, a kernel streaming miniport driver (such as a USB webcam) that uses kernel streaming on the upper edge can use KMDF USB I/O target objects to send requests to the USB driver stack. NDIS drivers can also be written by using KMDF for protocol-based buses such as USB.

  Pure WDM drivers are difficult to write, complex, and not robust. With the evolution of KMDF, writing this type of driver is no longer necessary.

Microsoft Visual Studio 2012 includes USB User-Mode Driver and USB Kernel-Mode Driver templates that generate starter code for a UMDF and KMDF USB client driver, respectively. The template code initializes a USB target device object to enable communication with the hardware. For more information, see the following topics:

For information about how to implement UMDF and KMDF drivers, see the Microsoft Press book Developing Drivers with the Windows Driver Foundation.

WinUSB, UMDF, KMDF Feature Comparison

The following table summarizes the capabilities of WinUSB, UMDF-based USB drivers, and KMDF-based USB drivers.

The following table summarizes the WDF options that are supported by different versions of Windows.

Drivers Trilithic Seeker Usb Devices Wireless Adapter

Note Yes¹: WinUSB and UMDF are supported only on x86-based and x64-based versions of Windows.

Yes²: WINUSB and UMDF are supported in Windows XP with Service Pack 2 (SP2) or later versions of Windows.

Yes³: KMDF is supported in Windows 2000 with SP4 or later versions of Windows.

Yes⁴: Isochronous transfers are supported in Windows 8.1 or later versions of Windows.

All client SKUs of the 32-bit versions of Windows XP with SP2support WinUSB. WinUSB is not native to Windows XP; it must be installed with the WinUSB co-installer. All Windows Vista SKUs and later versions of Windows support WinUSB.

Related topics

Drivers Trilithic Seeker Usb Devices Download

Getting started with USB client driver development
WinUSB
Write your first USB client driver (UMDF)
Write your first USB client driver (KMDF)

Drivers Trilithic Seeker USB Devices

Windows operating system class and filter drivers for peripheral storage devices act as an interface between any intermediate or highest level drivers layered above the class or filter driver and a system-supplied port driver.

I/O requests from a user application or kernel component reach storage class drivers through I/O System Services and one or more intermediate or highest level drivers, such as a file system driver. Storage class drivers translate the standard IRPs they get into IRPs with system-defined SCSI request blocks (SRBs) containing SCSI command descriptor blocks (CDBs) before sending each IRP on to the next-lower driver. A storage port driver translates SRBs from class drivers into bus-specific commands which it sends to the storage HBA, through an I/O bus driver and possibly one or more filter drivers.

The following figure shows the layered architecture of Windows storage drivers.

Starting from the bottom of the figure, the following describes each type of storage driver:

1. A storage port driver defines an interface to all Windows storage class drivers, including the system-supplied disk, tape, CDROM, DVD, and changer class drivers. This port/class interface insulates class drivers from adapter-specific requirements of the host bus adapter to which their respective devices are connected. A storage port driver also synchronizes access to the bus for all drivers of devices on the corresponding HBA. The system supplies storage port drivers for SCSI, IDE, USB and IEEE 1394 adapters.

   A storage port driver receives SRBs from the next higher driver (a storage class driver or intervening filter driver) and processes them as follows:

   • The storage port driver for a SCSI, or other bus, passes SRBs with CDBs on to an operating system-independent, HBA-specific Storport miniport driver , which is dynamically linked to its corresponding port driver and provides hardware-specific support for a particular HBA. For information about implementing a SCSI miniport driver, see Storport Miniport Drivers.
   • The storage port driver for a legacy IDE/ATAPI or IEEE 1394 bus translates the SRBs received from the storage class driver into the format required by the underlying adapter--for example, repackaging CDBs according to a bus-specific transport protocol, or translating them into a different format, thereby insulating upper level drivers from peculiarities of the underlying bus.

2. An upper or lower storage filter driver supports device-specific functionality not provided by a system-supplied storage class driver. A lower filter storage driver monitors SRBs and/or IRPs issued by a storage class driver and modifies them as needed before passing them to the next-lower driver (a storage port driver or another storage filter driver).

   For information about implementing a storage filter driver, see Storage Filter Drivers.

3. A storage class driver uses the SCSI port/class interface to control a device of its type on any bus for which the system provides a storage port driver. A class driver is specific to a particular class of device--for example, one class driver can run all CD-ROM devices on any supported bus; another can control all disk devices. The storage class driver handles I/O requests from user applications or drivers higher in the storage stack by building SRBs containing CDBs and issuing those SRBs to the next-lower driver (a storage port driver or intervening filter driver), just as if the device were a SCSI device.

   The implementation of a storage class driver is transparent to upper level drivers. A class driver for a tape or medium changer device is implemented as a device-specific miniclass driver that links to a system-supplied class driver. System-supplied class drivers for other storage devices, such as disk and CD-ROM/DVD, are implemented as single monolithic drivers.

   For information about implementing a storage class driver, see Storage Class Drivers. For information about implementing a tape or changer miniclass driver, see Tape Drivers and Changer Drivers, respectively.

4. An upper filter storage driver intercepts IRPs from user applications and drivers higher in the storage stack and then possibly modifies them before passing them to the next-lower driver (a storage class driver or another storage filter driver). Filter drivers typically monitor performance of the underlying device.

The type of bus to which a device is attached and the implementation of its storage port driver are transparent to upper level drivers. A storage port driver might be implemented according to the port/miniport driver architecture, like the SCSI port driver; as a monolithic driver that controls a single, standard piece of hardware, such as the IDE/ATAPI port driver; or as a filter driver that translates SRBs into the format required by a different driver stack, such as the IEEE 1394 port driver.

The system-supplied SCSI port driver can also act as an interface between a storage class driver and a SCSI miniport driver that controls a non-SCSI storage device of the same type. For example, rather than writing a driver for a new disk-array controller, a driver writer can save considerable design, development, and debugging effort by writing a pseudo-SCSI miniport driver that links to the system SCSI port driver and uses the interface it provides. Such a miniport driver is required to translate incoming SCSI commands into device-specific commands. On the other hand, the system-supplied port and class drivers handle much necessary work on a pseudo-SCSI miniport's behalf, including registry accesses during initialization, all resource and object allocations, synchronization, presizing of requested transfers to suit the capabilities of the miniport's device, and retrying requests.

For more detailed information about SRBs, see the Kernel-Mode Driver Architecture Reference. For device-type-specific information about CDBs, consult appropriate command sets in the INCITS SCSI-3 standards.